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第20章 主语动词一致性 ​

本章学习目标 ​

主语与谓语动词的单复数一致性(Subject-Verb Agreement)是英语语法中最核心的规则之一。通过学习,你将能够:

  1. 掌握形单意复(如 people, fish 等)与形复意单(如学科、疾病、度量衡/货币单位等)名词的一致性规则。
  2. 熟练掌握集合名词(如 family, committee, police)在表示“一个整体”与表示“成员个体”时对谓语动词单复数的不同要求。
  3. 掌握利用限定词(如 all, some, most, a third, half 引导的短语)及 fewer 与 less 辨析来判断主语单复数的方法。
  4. 明确 a number of 与 the number of、以及以 a pair / every / each / either / neither / many a 引导的主语单复数。
  5. 掌握主语后有介词短语修饰(如 with, together with, of, in 等)时忽略修饰语的判定原则。
  6. 熟练掌握并列连词(如 and, or, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, but not, not only...but also)连接主语时,谓语动词的单复数选择机制。
  7. 掌握比较级省略结构(as well as, no less than)、分裂句、以及动名词/不定式短语/名词性从句充当主语时的一致性判断。

句型标记系统(快速回顾) ​

符号含义说明
1主语 Subject句子的主角,回答“谁 / 什么”
2动词 Verb表示动作或状态
be系动词 / 广义 be 标记is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词;has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式;look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注
3O宾语 Object动作的接受者,回答“谁 / 什么”
3C补语 Complement说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里”
(4)状语 Adverbial可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分
(be)隐藏的 be宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be,用来检验说明关系

五种基本句型写成:

  1. 1 + 2
  2. 1 + 2 + 3O
  3. 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
  4. 1 + be + 3C
  5. 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C

提示

状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中,但它不是句型骨架的一部分。


特殊名词的一致性规则 ​

动词该采用单数还是复数,当然是视主语而定。英文句子的主语必须是名词,包括名词短语、代词、动名词、不定式短语,以及名词性从句。

以占大宗的名词短语来看,有些只有单数形、有些只有复数形;有些看起来像单数,却要用复数动词;有些看起来像复数,却要用单数动词;还有一些是用单数、复数动词皆可。

只有单数形的名词就是不可数名词,其中包括专有名词(如 Jack, Peter)、物质名词(如 gold, air)、抽象名词(如 information, courage)等等。这些名词当主语时只能采用单数的动词。反之,一些只有复数形的名词,如 ruins(废墟)、remains(遗体)、outskirts(郊区)等等,当主语时就只能采用复数的动词。

另外还有一些名词的单数形与复数形分别代表不同的意思。例如:

  • damage:当作“损害”时是不可数名词;
  • damages:则是指“赔偿金”,是可数名词的复数。

这几种名词如果不熟,写作时很容易出错。不过严格来说,这些都是名词本身的问题,不是语法观念的问题。也就是说,出错通常是因为不知道 gold 不能加 -s、remains 不能没有 -s;只要名词写对了,自然就知道 gold 要配单数动词、remains 要配复数动词。

主语动词一致性的要求就在于单复数的配合,以下整理出一些需要注意的特殊情况:


一、 单数形式用复数动词 (形单意复) ​

有些名词看起来像单数,意思却是复数,必须采用复数动词。

  1. people (人们/民族):
    • 解释为“人们”时,虽然没有 -s 字尾,却是复数,必须采用复数动词:

      Many people are waiting outside to see you. (许多人正在外面等着要见你。)

Many people1
arebe
waiting3C
outside(4)
to see you.(4)

people 解释为“人们”时是复数意义,所以 be 动词用复数 are。

  • 解释为“民族”时,用法不同。一条是 a people(一支民族),动词用单数;peoples 则是“多个民族”:

    Three aboriginal peoples live along this river. (有三支原住民民族沿着这条河居住。)

  1. fish (鱼):
    • 名词 fish 单复数同形。一条鱼是 a fish(单数);许多条鱼是 many fish(复数):

      Many fish in this lake live on algae. (这座湖里有许多鱼都靠吃藻类维生。)

Many fish in this lake1
live2
on algae.(4)

fish 单复数同形,不能只看字尾。前面的 many 告诉我们这里是许多条鱼,所以主语是复数,动词用 live。

  • 如果看到 fishes 这种拼法,通常是表示“种类”(许多种鱼),动词依然用复数。

二、 复数形式用单数动词 (形复意单) ​

有些名词看起来是复数,却要当作单数解释,用单数动词。

  1. 学科名词 (字尾是 -ics 的抽象不可数名词):
    • Mathematics is an exacting science. (数学是门很严谨的科学。)

Mathematics1
isbe
an exacting science.3C
  • 类似的有:physics (物理学)、civics (公民学)、ethics (伦理学)、metaphysics (形上学) 等,它们都是抽象不可数名词,要配合单数动词。
  1. 医学名词 (某些带 -s 的疾病名称):
    • Mumps is not a serious disease. (腮腺炎并不是什么大病。)

    • 类似的有:hepatitis (肝炎)、meningitis (脑膜炎) 等。
  2. 单位名词 (度量衡、时间、货币等):
    • 货币单位、度量衡单位与时间单位等当主语时,虽然是复数形态,却常常采用单数动词:

      Seven thousand dollars is a lot of money to spend in one evening! (一个晚上花掉七千元可不是笔小数目!)

Seven thousand dollars1
isbe
a lot of money to spend in one evening.3C
  • 原理分析:因为像 dollars 这种货币单位虽然是复数形态,意思却是“一笔钱”。它和 seven houses(七栋房屋)、a thousand books(一千本书)不同,houses 与 books 都是可数实物,一千本便是一千个一本。而 dollars 则只是个计算单位,七千元代表的并非七千个一元,而是一个整体(一笔钱)。因此当主语时,动词要用单数。下面几个例子的情况完全相同: - > Two hours and 28 minutes is the total length of the movie. (两小时 28 分钟是这部电影的总长度。) - > Five kilometers is not too long a distance to walk in one hour. (一小时要走五公里,这个距离不算太长。) - > Three pounds of brown sugar is quite enough for now. (三磅红糖目前来说很足够了。)

三、 单复数动词皆可 ​

  1. 媒体与资料等名词:
    • 有些字习惯使用复数形,但是采用单数或复数动词皆可。
      • media (媒体,单数是 medium):➔ The media has been / have been reporting this murder for days.
      • data (资料,单数是 datum):➔ This data is / These data are quite out-of-date.
      • 类似的有:bacteria (细菌,单数 bacterium)、whereabouts (下落,单数 whereabout)、headquarters (总部,单数 headquarter)。
  2. statistics (统计学 / 统计资料):
    • 解释为“统计学”时,它是不可数的抽象名词,必须用单数动词:

      Statistics draws heavily on mathematics. (统计学大量运用数学。)

    • 解释为“统计资料”时,它是普通的可数名词,单数是 a statistic(用单数动词),复数是 statistics(用复数动词):

      This statistic is quite accurate. (这笔资料相当正确。) These statistics are mostly accurate. (这几笔资料大抵正确。)


四、 集合名词 (Collective Nouns) ​

集合名词如 family(家庭)、crew(全体船员/机组人员)、committee(委员会)、staff(全体职员)、faculty(全体教职员)、team(队)、police(警方)、government(政府)等等:

  • 如果指的是一个“单位”(整体),就应该采用单数动词。
  • 如果指的是单位中的“成员们”(个体),就要用复数动词。

我们先以最常用的 police 为例:

  1. The police is working on this case. (警方正在办这件案子。 —— 把 the police 视为一个整体单位,用单数动词)
  2. The police are here. (警察来了。 —— 用 the police 代表一些警员个体,用复数动词)
The police1
isbe
working on this case.3C
The police1
arebe
here.3C

这两个句子的主语表面相同,动词却不同,因为说话者看的角度不同:前一句把警方看成一个办案单位,后一句把警察看成来到现场的多个成员。

集合名词该用单数还是复数动词,通常视个人的表达侧重点而定,但也必须配合语境含义:

  • 侧重整体单位:

    The committee was founded in 1980, so it has quite a bit of history now. (委员会成立于 1980 年,所以现在算是颇有历史了。 —— was 与 it 与整体单位一致)

    My family is large. (我家是个大家庭。 —— 主语补足语 large 描述的是“家庭”这一单位,用单数)

My family1
isbe
large.3C
  • 侧重成员个体:

    The committee are mostly seated now, and they are impatient to begin. (委员们大多已经就座,而且急着想开始。 —— 就座、着急是“人”的动作,用复数 are 和 they)

    My family are all highly educated intellectuals. (我家人都是受过高等教育的知识分子。 —— intellectuals 描述人的特质,家庭在此指“家人”,用复数)

My family1
arebe
all highly educated intellectuals.3C

限定词对主语单复数的影响 ​

主语是名词短语时,除了从名词本身来判断单复数,还可以根据限定词来判断。

一、 all / all of / part of / some of / most of ​

1. 语法争议与二重诠释法: ​

像 all of the students 这种构造,在语法上有两种主流的诠释方式,可以帮助我们理清数的一致性关系:

  • 解释一(代词+修饰语):将 all 视为代词作主语,后面的 of the students 视为介词短语修饰语。由于 all, part, some, half, a third 等字词语义空洞,本身的数处于“真空状态”,所以必须看它后面的介词短语宾语(如 students 或 money)才能得知具体内容,并由其决定 all 的单复数。例如:
    • students 是复数名词,其“全部”当然是复数 ➔ 配合复数动词:

      All of the students have gone on the trip. (学生们都旅行去了。)

All of the students1
have gone2
on the trip.(4)
  • money 是不可数名词,其“全部”依然不可数 ➔ 配合单数动词:

    All of the money has been put in the bank. (钱全都存进银行了。)

All of the money1
has beenbe
put3C
in the bank.(4)
  • 解释二(前位限定词):将 all of、some of、most of 等整体视为前位限定词,而将后面的名词(students, money)直接视为中心主语。如果是限定词,那么判断动词的数就非常简单直接:
    • 只需要看名词本身即可:students 为复数 ➔ 动词用复数;money 为不可数 ➔ 动词用单数。

两种解释均能推导一致的正确结论。下面几个例子的情况类似,我们均可将 some of, most of, half of, one-third of 等视为限定词:

  • Part of the difficulty lies in communication. (部分的困难在于沟通。 —— difficulty 是不可数名词)

Part of the difficulty1
lies2
in communication.(4)
  • One-third of the products were defective. (三分之一的产品有瑕疵。 —— products 是复数名词)

One-third of the products1
werebe
defective.3C
  • Half of the participants have finished the marathon now. (一半的参加者现在已经跑完了马拉松。)

  • Some of the time was spent on looking for tools. (有些时间花在找寻工具上。)

  • Most of my high school classmates are in college now. (我大部分的高中同学现在都在上大学。)

  • More of the blame is on me than on you. (我的错比你多。)


二、 fewer 与 less 的用法一致性 ​

可数名词应配合可数的限定词,不可数名词配合不可数的限定词。

  • few 的比较级是 fewer,用来修饰可数名词复数:

    Fewer people go to the U.S. to study now than 10 years ago. (现在去美国留学的人比十年前少了。 —— people 是可数名词,绝不可写成 less people)

Fewer people1
go2
to the U.S.(4)
to study(4)
now(4)
than 10 years ago.(4)
  • little 的比较级是 less,用来修饰不可数名词:

    Less money was spent on education than on national defense. (花在教育上的钱比花在国防上的钱要少。)

Less money1
wasbe
spent3C
on education(4)
than on national defense.(4)
  • 🚨 警示:可数名词如果用 less 来修饰就属于语法错误(如 less days, less products 都是错的),写作时要特别注意。

三、 a lot of / lots of 与 none of ​

  • a lot of / lots of:可搭配可数与不可数名词,动词单复数视名词而定:
    • A lot of mistakes were made because of the time pressure. (由于时间压力,犯了许多错误。)

A lot of mistakes1
werebe
made3C
because of the time pressure.(4)
  • Lots of the credit goes to the project manager. (许多功劳都归于项目经理。)

  • none of:意思是“一个也没有”(not one),带有单数意味。搭配不可数名词时,动词用单数;搭配复数可数名词时,后面的动词用单数或复数皆可:
    • None of the meat was left. (肉一点都不剩。)

    • None of the sandwiches was fresh. (三明治没有一个是新鲜的。 —— was 表单数概念)

    • None of the restaurants were open. (餐厅一家都没开门。 —— were 表复数概念)


四、 a number of 对比 the number of ​

这组限定结构非常经典:

  • a number of ➔ 意为“若干个”,功用在于限定后面名词的范围,是限定词。因为它必须配合复数可数名词,所以其主语实质上是复数名词,动词必须用复数:
    • A number of major earthquakes happen every year. (每年都会发生数起大地震。)

A number of major earthquakes1
happen2
every year.(4)
  • A number of people have brought eggs to throw. (有若干人带了鸡蛋来砸。 —— 主语是 people,所以能做出“砸鸡蛋”的行为)

  • the number of ➔ 意为“这个数字/数目”,是具有实体内容的名词主语,后面的 of... 是介词短语修饰语。其代词为单数的 it,谓语动词必须用单数:
    • The number of major earthquakes last year was five. (去年大地震的次数是五起。 —— 主语是 the number,指数字 5)

The number of major earthquakes last year1
wasbe
five.3C
  • The number of people at the demonstration was written on a piece of paper, but now I can't find it. (参与游行的人数写在纸上,但现在我找不到了。 —— write 和 find 的对象都是那个“数字”,所以用单数 was 和 it)

这两个短语只差一个冠词,语法身份却完全不同。

a number of 中的 number 虽然原本意思是“数目”,但整个短语的功能已经接近 several / some / a few,用来限定后面的复数名词范围。真正能发生地震的是 earthquakes,真正能带鸡蛋来砸的是 people,所以动词跟后面的复数名词一致,用 happen / have。

the number of 则不同。这里的 number 还是一个有实体内容的名词,意思是“那个数字”。of major earthquakes 或 of people 只是介词短语,说明这个数字是“什么的数字”。所以:

  • The number ... was five. 中,主语是“数字”,数字是单数。
  • The number ... was written on a piece of paper, but now I can't find it. 中,被写在纸上、后来找不到的也是那个数字,所以后面用单数代词 it。

判断这组结构时,可以问自己一句:句子真正谈的是“若干个东西/人”,还是“一个数字”?前者用复数动词,后者用单数动词。


五、 表示“一”的限定词与代词 (each, every, either, neither, many a) ​

凡是解释为“一”的限定词,都应该配合单数名词使用,动词也要采用单数动词。如果把名词省略,限定词升格为代词作主语,也依然用单数动词。

  • Every day is a new beginning. (每一天都是新的开始。)

Every day1
isbe
a new beginning.3C
  • Each participant is entitled to a memorial pin. / Each of the participants is entitled... (每一名参加者都可以领一枚纪念章。)

  • Either way is fine with me. / Either of the ways is fine with me. (两种做法,随便哪一种我都没意见。)

  • Neither solution looks attractive. / Neither of the solutions looks attractive. (两种解决方案看起来都没有很好。)

  • Many a student has felt the urge to cheat in exams. (许多学生都曾有在考试中作弊的冲动。 —— many a 是较古老限定词,搭配单数名词,用单数动词)

💡 特例(each 作副词): ​

They have to pay five dollars each to enter the theme park.

他们必须每人交五美元才能进入那座主题公园。

  • 分析:句中的主语是复数的 They,因此动词用复数的 have to pay。这里的 each 只是副词,不影响主语的单复数。

六、 some / any / no ​

  • some / any(指“某一 / 任一”):搭配单数可数名词使用(相当于 a ),动词用单数:
    • Some man is waiting to see you. (有个男人等着要见你。 —— some man 意为“某一个男人”)

    • Any day you pick is fine with me. (随你挑哪一天我都可以接受。)

  • some / any(指“一些 / 任何”):搭配复数名词时动词用复数,搭配不可数名词时动词用单数。
  • no:可搭配复数名词(动词用复数)、单数名词(动词用单数)、不可数名词(动词用单数):
    • No students were found in the pub. (酒吧里没找到学生。)

No students1
werebe
found3C
in the pub.(4)
  • No student was found in the pub. (酒吧里没找到学生。)

No student1
wasbe
found3C
in the pub.(4)
  • No money was left. (没有钱剩下。)


七、 a large number of 对比 a large amount of ​

我们将这两个短语整体视为限定词:

  • a large number of:含 number,必须搭配复数可数名词,动词用复数。
  • a large amount of:含 amount,必须搭配不可数名词,动词用单数。
    • A large number of new books are on sale at that bookstore. (那家书店在促销许多新书。)

    • A small amount of money is enough for your purchase. (你买的东西只要一点点钱就够了。)


主语后接介词短语的干扰 ​

句子的主语如果有介词短语跟在后面修饰它,判断单复数时通常忽略介词短语,因为介词短语只是可有可无的修饰语,不会影响动词。谓语动词的单复数取决于介词短语前面的主语。(as well as 看起来很像,但它其实是比较级连词,本章后面单独讲。)

  • Tim, together with his family, is on a trip in our city. (主要主语是 Tim,动词用单数 is,with 短语直接忽略)

Tim1
together with his family(4)
isbe
on a trip3C
in our city.(4)
  • The list of new students is in today's paper. (主要主语是 list,动词用单数 is)

The list of new students1
isbe
in today's paper.3C
  • Monkeys in this park are a danger to people. (主要主语是 monkeys,动词用复数 are)

Monkeys in this park1
arebe
a danger3C
to people.(4)

当然,如果主语是 all, part, some, a lot, a third, most 这类意思空泛的词,看不出是什么东西,就要看后面的介词短语了(本章前面“限定词”部分讲过):短语里是复数(如 all of the books),主语就是复数;短语里是单数或不可数(如 a third of the money),主语就是单数。


并列连词连接主语的一致性机制 ​

当并列连词连接两个成分作为共同主语时,动词单复数应遵循以下规则:

一、 and / both... and... ​

连接两个不同的实体,谓语动词通常用复数:

  • A good book and a watch were stolen.

A good book and a watch1
werebe
stolen.3C

两个名词短语用 and 连起来放在主语位置,很明显是两样东西,所以动词用复数 were。

  • Both the writer and the teacher are speaking tonight.

both ... and 很明确地表示对象有“两个”,所以 both A and B 当主语时,动词一定用复数。

💡 例外与细节情况: ​

  1. 指代同一事物或一体两面(动词用单数):
    • All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (谚语:只工作不玩耍使杰克成为一个无趣的孩子。 —— 工作与不玩耍虽然是两个名词短语,但叙述的却是同一生活状态的两面,视为一件事)

All work and no play1
makes2
Jack3O
a dull boy.3C
  • A knife and fork is wrapped up in a paper towel. (刀叉作为“一套”餐具看待,用单数 is)

  1. 重复限制词强调个体(动词用单数):
    • Every man and every woman has to make sacrifices for the war. (不分男女,每一个人都必须为战争做出牺牲。)

    • 分析:“每一个男人”和“每一个女人”虽然用 and 连接,但这种反复陈述的方式意在强调“每一个人,不分男女”,表示独立的个体,因此谓语动词要用单数的 has。
  2. 单一限定词修饰两个名词(指同一人具有双重身份,动词用单数):
    • The famous writer and teacher is speaking tonight. (只有冠词 the,说明是“那位既是作家也是教师的名人”一个人,用单数 is)

    • A black and white cat is sitting on the window. (一只黑白两色的猫坐在窗台上。)

    • 分析:主语只有一个限定词 a,所以是一个名词短语。and 连接的是 black 和 white 两种颜色,猫只有一只,所以用单数 is。
    • 对比(两个限定词代表两样东西,动词用复数):➔ A black and a white cat are running after a mouse. (有两个不定冠词 a,可以看出是 a black cat 和 a white cat 两个名词短语,省略了一个重复的 cat。一共两只猫,用复数 are)
  3. 零冠词不可数名词并列(代表两样东西,动词用复数):
    • 我们判断主语到底是一个名词短语还是两个,主要靠观察限定词。但不要忘记不可数名词有看不见的零冠词:
    • Oil and water do not mix. (油和水无法混合。 —— 谚语,常比喻两个人或两件事不相容)

    • 分析:Oil 和 water 都是不可数的物质名词,所以皆采用零冠词。虽然没有限定词显现,但它们是两个独立的名词短语,指代两样不同的东西,因此必须用复数动词 do not。

二、 or / either... or... / neither... nor... (就近原则) ​

主语如果是 A or B,就要在 A 和 B 之间选一个当主语,通常选离动词近的那一个。传统语法书把它叫做就近原则。如果不知道怎么选,可以把这种结构看成并列分句的省略,先还原成完整的样子再判断。

并列分句省略的原则:句首和句尾不能省(句子不能没头没尾),只能省掉中间重复的部分。

1. 陈述句:动词在后面,跟后一个主语一致 ​

Tom or his friends are going to bring the food.

汤姆或者他的朋友们会带食物来。

如果不知道动词该用 is 还是 are,先还原:

Tom is going to bring the food, or his friends are going to bring the food.

这是两个用 or 连接的并列分句。两个主语 Tom 和 his friends 不同,都不能省。两个分句的后半部分(going to bring the food)相同:句尾那一份不能省,中间那一份(is going to bring the food)可以省。省掉中间、留下句尾,就得到 Tom or his friends are going to bring the food.,所以动词是复数 are。

Tom or his friends1
arebe
going to bring the food.3C

either ... or(肯定)和 neither ... nor(否定)都是从 or 变化来的,用法和 or 一样:

Neither the teacher nor his students support the new rule.

老师和他的学生们都不支持这条新规定。

Neither the teacher nor his students1
support2
the new rule.3O

还原:

Neither the teacher supports the new rule, nor his students support the new rule.

前一个分句的主语是单数 the teacher,动词用 supports;后一个分句的主语是复数 his students,动词用 support。中间重复的 supports the new rule 可以省,句尾的 support the new rule 不能省。省掉中间、留下句尾,剩下的动词就是复数 support——正好是离它最近的主语 his students 的动词。

如果调换两个主语的位置,结果就会反过来:

Neither his students nor the teacher supports the new rule.

Neither his students nor the teacher1
supports2
the new rule.3O
  • 还原:Neither his students support the new rule, nor the teacher supports the new rule.
  • 省掉中间、留下句尾,剩下的是单数 supports。

再看 either ... or:

Either one red pill or two white pills are going to stop the pain.

一粒红药丸或者两粒白药丸都可以止痛。

  • 还原:Either one red pill is going to stop the pain, or two white pills are going to stop the pain.
  • 省掉中间、留下句尾,剩下复数 are。

2. 疑问句:动词在前面,跟前一个主语一致 ​

疑问句要把 be 动词或助动词提到主语前面,这时离动词最近的就变成了前一个主语。

Is Tom or his friends going to bring the food?

是汤姆还是他的朋友们要带食物来?

Isbe
Tom or his friends1
going to bring the food?3C

这张表按疑问句的实际顺序排列:Is 标 be,going to bring the food 整体作 3C;还原成陈述句语序就是 1 + be + 3C。

还原成两个完整的疑问句:

Is Tom going to bring the food, or are his friends going to bring the food?

还是同一个原则:句首的 Is 不能省,句尾的 going to bring the food 也不能省,只能省掉中间重复的部分(going to bring the food, or are)。所以留下来的是句首的单数 Is——正好是离它最近的主语 Tom 的动词。

either ... or 的疑问句也一样:

Is either one red pill or two white pills going to stop the pain?

  • 还原:Is either one red pill going to stop the pain, or are two white pills going to stop the pain?
  • 句首 Is 和句尾 going to stop the pain 都保留,省掉中间,所以用单数 Is。

小结论

“就近原则”不是一条要死背的规定,而是并列分句省略的自然结果:保留句首句尾,省掉中间。陈述句的动词在后面,留下的是后一个分句的动词;疑问句的动词在前面,留下的是前一个分句的动词。


三、 but / but not / except ​

but 带有否定意味。A but not B 当主语时,很明显是肯定 A、否定 B,所以动词和 A 一致:

  • The eggs but not the hen were stolen. (是蛋被偷了,不是母鸡。)

  • 分析:谓语的意思是“被偷”。从 but not 可知“不是”母鸡被偷,谓语描述的是 the eggs,所以主语是 the eggs,动词用复数 were。

but 有时相当于介词 except(除了),这时它也不影响动词的单复数:

  • All but one of the students were able to pass the test. (所有学生,除了一个以外,全都考及格了。)

  • 分析:all but one of the students 相当于 all of the students except one。except one 是介词短语,只是修饰语,所以主语等于 all of the students,动词用复数 were。

四、 not only... but also... (就近原则) ​

not only A but also B 当主语时,动词和离它近的那个主语一致,这也是省略造成的结果:

  • Not only my friends but also I am against the plan. (不仅我的朋友们,连我自己也反对这项计划。)

  • 还原:Not only my friends are against the plan, but also I am against the plan.
  • 省掉中间、留下句尾,剩下的是 am。

除了这些并列连词,主语的单复数有时还要从句型来判断。值得注意的有:比较级、分裂句,以及主语是动名词、不定式短语、名词性从句的句子。下面依次说明。


比较级与特殊句型中的一致性 ​

一、 比较级结构 (as well as / no less than) ​

as well as 和 no less than 可以看成外加在状语从句前面的从属连词,但从来源看,它们都是比较级。比较级要求前后对称,对称就难免重复,所以比较级经常省略。主语的单复数不好判断时,先把省略的部分还原,就容易看出来了。

  1. Our city, as well as other cities in our country, has accepted the new laws.

我们的城市和国内其他城市一样,都已经接受了新法律。

Our city1
as well as other cities in our country(4)
has accepted2
the new laws.3O

这已经不是前面讲的并列分句,而是分主从的复句(as 和 than 是从属连词),所以判断方法不一样。先拆成两个单句:

Our city has accepted the new laws.

Other cities in our country have accepted the new laws.

用比较级连词 as well as 连起来:

Our city has accepted the new laws, as well as other cities in our country have accepted the new laws.

请注意两种省略原则的差别:

  • 并列连词(and, or, but)连接的并列分句没有主从之分,省略原则是保留句首句尾、省掉中间。
  • 比较级是分主从的复句,省略原则是主句不能动,只省略从句里重复的部分。

这里逗号前面是主句,as well as 后面是状语从句。所以只能省掉从句里重复的 (have) accepted the new laws,主句原封不动:

Our city has accepted the new laws, as well as other cities in our country (have).

从句里也可以留下助动词 have,更清楚地告诉读者 other cities in our country 是主语,在和 Our city 比较。还可以把从句挪到前面,让两个主语就近比较,同时省掉 have,就成了开头那句:

Our city, as well as other cities in our country, has accepted the new laws.

单数动词 has accepted 和单数主语 Our city 一致。至于 other cities in our country,它是状语从句的主语,它自己的动词 have 已经被省略了。

再看一个例子,读者应该能明白为什么用单数动词:

The museum, as well as all the pictures in it, has been burnt in the fire.

博物馆和里面所有的画都在大火中烧毁了。

  1. The many stories behind it, no less than the book itself, have made people happy.

这本书背后的许多故事,和书本身一样,都让人们感到快乐。

The many stories behind it1
no less than the book itself(4)
have made2
people3O
(be)(be)
happy.3C

no less than 和 as well as 一样是比较级连词,判断方法也相同。先拆成两句:

The many stories behind it have made people happy.

The book itself has made people happy.

用 no less than 连起来,再省掉从句里重复的部分:

The many stories behind it have made people happy no less than the book itself (has).

如果再把从句里的 has 也省掉,并把 no less than the book itself 挪到前面和主语就近比较,就成了开头那句。动词 have made 用复数,因为主语 the many stories 是复数;no less than 后面从句的主语 the book 是单数,但它的动词 has 已经省略了。

再看一个同样的例子:

The coach, no less than all the players, deserves praise.

教练和所有球员一样,都值得夸奖。


二、 分裂句 ​

在分裂句 It is/was... that... 中:

  • 主句的主语是单数虚词 It,因此第一动词永远是单数(is/was)。
  • that 引导的定语从句中,若关系代词 that 作主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于被强调的先行词:

    It is those friends of yours that are to blame for the accident.

    是你那些朋友该为这次意外负责。(被强调的先行词 those friends of yours 是复数,所以 that 从句的动词用 are)

主句:

It1
isbe
those friends of yours3C

句型:1 + be + 3C

定语从句(修饰被强调的先行词 those friends of yours):

that1
arebe
to blame for the accident.3C

句型:1 + be + 3C

关系词 that 在从句里作主语 1,它的单复数跟着先行词走,所以用 are。 ​

三、 动名词 / 不定式短语 / 名词性从句作主语 ​

当主语是动名词、不定式短语、名词性从句这些语法结构时,谓语动词通常用单数:

  • Making mistakes is a bad habit. (动名词短语作主语)

Making mistakes1
isbe
a bad habit.3C
  • To see her is to love her. (不定式短语作主语)

To see her1
isbe
to love her.3C
  • What I need is your word. (名词性从句作主语)

What I need1
isbe
your word.3C

💡 倒装的例外情况: ​

如果名词性从句作主语时,其表语是复数,且句子发生了倒装(表语被移至句首),谓语动词要与真正的复数主语保持一致:

  • What I need are a few good tools, some money, and a lot of time.

What I need3C
arebe
a few good tools, some money, and a lot of time.1
  • 解析:这在本质上是倒装句。真正的复数主语是后面的 a few good tools... 三样东西,而前面的名词性从句 What I need 只是倒装的表语。主语里有三样东西,用 and 连起来,是复数,所以动词要用复数的 are。关于倒装句,下一章(第21章)会详细说明。

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