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第18章 副词从句
本章学习目标
本章我们将学习主从复合句中的第二种从属从句 —— “副词从句”(Adverb Clauses,在传统语法中常被称为状语从句)。通过学习,你将能够:
- 掌握副词从句的定义与基本特性,明确它与名词从句在主句结构中的区别。
- 熟练掌握从陈述句、特殊疑问句(wh- 引导)和一般疑问句(Yes/No 引导)改写为副词从句的步骤与规则。
- 熟练掌握 18 个高频副词从句连词的用法,理解它们在时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果等逻辑关系下的表达。
- 深度理解并运用“表示时间或条件的副词从句要用现在时代替将来时”的语法规则,并能清晰辨析 when 和 if 引导名词从句与副词从句时的时态差异。
句型标记系统(快速回顾)
| 符号 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 主语 Subject | 句子的主角,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 2 | 动词 Verb | 表示动作或状态 |
| be | 系动词 / 广义 be 标记 | is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词;has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式;look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注 |
| 3O | 宾语 Object | 动作的接受者,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 3C | 补语 Complement | 说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里” |
| (4) | 状语 Adverbial | 可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分 |
| (be) | 隐藏的 be | 宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be,用来检验说明关系 |
五种基本句型写成:
- 1 + 2
- 1 + 2 + 3O
- 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
- 1 + be + 3C
- 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C
提示
状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中,但它不是句型骨架的一部分。
副词从句与名词从句的对比
副词从句在句中扮演的是副词的角色,修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或全句。
它与名词从句最大的区别在于:
- 名词从句是主句中必不可少的主要元素(作主语、宾语等)。一旦删去,主句句型就会残缺不全。
- 副词从句是可有可无的修饰语。即使整个删去,主句依然是一个独立、语法完整的句子。
请对比以下两组句子:
1. 来自陈述句:
I believe that ghosts are real. (我相信真的有鬼。 ——
that引导的名词从句作 believe 的宾语,不可删去)I believe that, because I have seen one with my own eyes. (我相信那个,因为我亲眼见过。 ——
because引导的副词从句修饰 believe 的原因。若删去,主句 I believe that. 依然成立)
I1说明:—
believe2说明:—
that ghosts are real3O说明:名词从句
I1说明:—
believe2说明:—
that3O说明:—
because I have seen one with my own eyes(4)说明:副词从句
陈述句改写为副词从句时,也是在完整限定从句前面加连词,但加的不是空洞的 that,而是有意义的连词,例如 because, although, if, as, when, where 等,用来表达原因、让步、条件、状态、时间、地点等关系。
还有一类特别容易混淆:so ... that, such ... that, in order that, in that 这些连词里也含有 that,但它们不是名词从句的空洞 that,而是有意义的副词从句连词。请比较:
He said sincerely [that he was sorry].
他很诚恳地说他很抱歉。
He1说明:—
said2说明:—
sincerely(4)说明:—
that he was sorry3O说明:名词从句
He said it so sincerely [that his wife forgave him right away].
他说得非常诚恳,结果他的妻子立刻原谅了他。
He1说明:—
said2说明:—
it3O说明:—
so sincerely(4)说明:—
that his wife forgave him right away(4)说明:结果从句
所以判断时不要只看有没有 that。要看这个 that 是不是单独、无意义地包装陈述句;如果它和 so, such, in order, in 等词合成有意义的连词,就应按副词从句处理。
2. 来自特殊疑问句:
Where the bad man is hiding is a big question. (坏人藏在哪里是个大问题。 ——
where引导的名词从句作主语,不可删去)No matter where / Wherever the bad man is hiding, the police is going to catch him. (不论这个坏人藏在哪里,警方都会抓住他。 —— 由
no matter where / wherever引导的是表示“让步”的副词从句,修饰主句,可以删去)
Where the bad man is hiding1说明:名词从句
isbe说明:—
a big question.3C说明:—
Wherever the bad man is hiding(4)说明:让步副词从句
the police1说明:—
is going to catch2说明:—
him.3O说明:—
Whether he is still alive1说明:名词从句
isbe说明:—
difficult to say.3C说明:—
No matter whether he is still alive(4)说明:让步副词从句
I1说明:—
am not going to help2说明:—
anyone else.3O说明:—
常用副词从句连词解析
副词从句的连词都是加在完整的限定从句前面。以下按逻辑功能分类介绍高频连词的使用:
一、 时间状语从句
1. after / before / when / since (自从)
After he left school, the young man found himself without work. (毕业/离校后,这个年轻人发现自己失业了。)
Read the paper carefully before you sign it. (在签字之前要仔细阅读文件。)
I was in the bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时我正在洗澡。)
It has been three years since I last visited the small town. (自从我上次拜访那个小镇以来,已经有三年了。)
After he left school(4)说明:时间从句
the young man1说明:—
found2说明:—
himself3O说明:—
without work.3C说明:—
3. while (当……时)
The woman made breakfast while her husband was still sleeping. (当她丈夫还在睡觉时,女人做好了早餐。)
4. until / till (直到……才/为止)
Wait here until you are called for. (在这里等,直到有人叫你。)
5. no sooner ... than ... (刚一……就……)
The bell had no sooner rung than the students jumped up to leave.
- 移至句首倒装:➔
No soonerhad the bell rungthanthe students jumped up to leave.(刚一打铃,学生们就跳起来离开了。)
- 移至句首倒装:➔
The bell1说明:—
had no sooner rung2说明:—
than the students jumped up to leave(4)说明:时间从句
No sooner had the bell rung(4)说明:倒装时间从句
than the students jumped up to leave(4)说明:—
二、 原因状语从句
1. because / as (因为) / since (既然) / for (因为,常接在逗号后作补充原因说明)
I cannot go out with you tonight because I have some other work. (我今晚不能和你出去,因为我有其他工作。)
As time is running out, we'd better hurry. (因为时间快用完了,我们最好快点。)
Since we have nothing more to do here, we might as well go home. (既然我们在这里已经没事可做,不如回家吧。)
You needn't fear my brother, for he's a good man. (你不用怕我哥哥,因为他是个好人。)
I1说明:—
cannot go out2说明:—
with you(4)说明:—
tonight(4)说明:—
because I have some other work(4)说明:原因从句
Now that you have left school(4)说明:原因从句
you1说明:—
should start2说明:—
working3O说明:—
to help yourself.(4)说明:—
三、 条件与假设状语从句
1. if / unless (如果不,除非) / as long as (只要)
If you like, we can talk about our problem in school. (如果你愿意,我们可以在学校谈论我们的问题。)
As long as some food remains, we will stay here. (只要还剩下一些食物,我们就会留在这里。)
If you like(4)说明:条件从句
we1说明:—
can talk2说明:—
about our problem(4)说明:—
in school.(4)说明:—
Suppose you needed help with your work(4)说明:假设从句
where(4)说明:—
would you go?2说明:—
The man1说明:—
spoke2说明:—
to the teacher(4)说明:—
on condition that he remain anonymous(4)说明:条件从句
四、 让步与对比状语从句
1. although / though (虽然)
My sister doesn't have a boyfriend now, although/though she is very pretty. (我妹妹现在没有男朋友,虽然她长得很漂亮。)
My sister1说明:—
doesn't have2说明:—
a boyfriend3O说明:—
now(4)说明:—
although she is very pretty(4)说明:让步从句
3. only (that) (只不过,相当于 but)
I really like to go to the party, only (that) I have to study for a test. (我很想去参加派对,只不过我必须准备测试。)
4. wh-ever / no matter wh- (不论……)
Whoever / No matter who told you the story, it can't be true. (不论是谁告诉你这个故事的,它都不可能是真的。)
Whatever / No matter what is troubling you, tell me about it. (不论有什么事情在困扰你,告诉我。)
Whenever / No matter when the man hears the song, he thinks of his first love. (不论何时,这名男子一听到这首歌就会想起他的初恋。)
Wherever / No matter where sunshine and water are available, life can survive. (不论哪里,只要有阳光和水,生命就能存续。)
However / No matter how you look at the matter, it isn't fair. (这件事情不论你怎么看,都是不公平的。)
Whichever / No matter which school you choose, you will be accepted. (不论你挑哪所学校,你都会被录取。)
Whoever told you the story(4)说明:让步从句
it1说明:—
can't bebe说明:—
true.3C说明:—
五、 目的与结果状语从句
1. for fear (that) (生怕,唯恐) / lest (that) (免得)
The boy put water on the fire for fear (that) he might start a big fire. (男孩在火上浇水,生怕会酿成大火。)
Let me speak more clearly, lest (that) I should make a mistake. (让我说得更清楚些,免得犯错。 —— 常用 lest... should V 结构)
The boy1说明:—
put2说明:—
water3O说明:—
on the fire(4)说明:—
for fear he might start a big fire(4)说明:目的从句
The speaker1说明:—
raised2说明:—
his voice3O说明:—
in order that everyone might hear him(4)说明:目的从句
Three teachers1说明:—
stood2说明:—
in the small room(4)说明:—
so no boy dared to play(4)说明:结果从句
It1说明:虚词
wasbe说明:—
so cold3C说明:—
(that) the lake was frozen through(4)说明:结果从句
六、 特殊的“补充说明从句”:in that
The test is a success in that it has shown the plan is wrong. (这次测试很成功,意思在于它证明了那个计划是错的。)
- 原理解析:
in that引导的从句是in the sense that...(在……这种层面上说) 的省略简化。that 引导的同位语从句在省略了 the sense 后,直接与 in 拼合成了连词,引导副词从句修饰主句。
- 原理解析:
The test1说明:—
isbe说明:—
a success3C说明:—
in that it has shown the plan is wrong(4)说明:补充说明从句
💡 语法判定规则:名词从句还是副词从句?
学习复句结构时,如何判断一个从句到底是名词从句还是副词从句?又该如何决定其动词时态与连词解释?我们通过 when 和 if 这两个最容易混淆的连词来进行深度探究。
一、 表示时间(以 when 为例)
首先,我们通过分析句子结构,来判断何者为副词从句、何者为名词从句。请对比以下两个例句:
- He didn't tell me when he bought the house.
他没告诉我他是什么时候买了这栋房子的。
He1说明:—
didn't tell2说明:—
me3O说明:—
when he bought the house3O说明:名词从句
He1说明:—
didn't tell2说明:—
me3O说明:—
the price3O说明:—
when he bought the house(4)说明:时间副词从句
💡 “主将从现”时态判定的语气本质:
确实能够区分名词从句与副词从句之后,请对比以下句子:
- Do you know when he will return?
你知道他什么时候会回来吗?
you1说明:—
Do...know2说明:—
when he will return3O说明:名词从句
- He will call you when he returns.
他回来的时候会打电话给你的。
He1说明:—
will call2说明:—
you3O说明:—
when he returns(4)说明:时间副词从句
相同地,其他表示时间的连词如 as soon as, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句中,也同样不用 will,要改写为现在式。
💡 完成时的情况:用现在完成时代替将来完成时
如果时间状语从句中要表达动作在未来某点前完成,同样要用陈述事实的现在完成式,而不能用所谓的将来完成式:
- You can have this computer when I have finished—in about half an hour.
等我用完了这台电脑你就可以拿去 —— 大约再过半个小时吧。
You1说明:—
can have2说明:—
this computer3O说明:—
when I have finished(4)说明:时间副词从句
💡 反向判定:通过时态反推从句属性与解释
有时候,我们可以反过来利用时态与语气来判断一个从属从句到底是名词从句还是副词从句:
- I'll let you know when he will return.
我会让你知道他什么时候将会回来。(从句中含 will ➔ 名词从句,宾语 ➔ when 解释为“何时”)
I1说明:—
will let2说明:—
you3O说明:—
know [when he will return]3C说明:名词从句内容
I1说明:—
will let2说明:—
you3O说明:—
know3C说明:—
when he returns(4)说明:时间副词从句
二、 表示条件(以 if 为例)
接着,我们以连词 if 为例,来判断何者为名词从句、何者为副词从句:
- I can't remember if I turned off the gas or not.
我想不起来到底有没有把煤气关掉。
I1说明:—
can't remember2说明:—
if I turned off the gas or not3O说明:名词从句
- I have to go back if I didn't turn off the gas.
如果没有关煤气,我就得回去一趟。
I1说明:—
have to go back2说明:—
if I didn't turn off the gas(4)说明:条件副词从句
💡 未来时间下的时态判定:
- I have no idea if this plan will work (or not).
我根本不知道这个计划到底会不会奏效。
I1
have2
no idea if this plan will work3O
第二句是个一般疑问句,加上表示“是否”的连词 whether,改写为名词从句 whether this plan will work (or not),放在主句后面当 the question 的同位语。再把介词短语 about the question 省掉,就成为复句。把连词换成同样表示“是否”的连词 if,就会是例句 3。因为是悬而未决的问题,所以保留 will。
- I have a big reward for you if this plan works.
如果这个计划奏效了,我有个大奖要送给你。
I1说明:—
have2说明:—
a big reward3O说明:—
for you(4)说明:—
if this plan works(4)说明:条件副词从句