Appearance
第18章 状语从句
本章学习目标
本章我们将学习主从复合句中的第二种从属从句 —— “状语从句”(英文叫 Adverb Clauses,因为它像副词一样在句子里作状语)。通过学习,你将能够:
- 掌握状语从句的定义与基本特性,明确它与名词性从句在主句结构中的区别。
- 熟练掌握从陈述句、特殊疑问句(wh- 引导)和一般疑问句(Yes/No 引导)改写为状语从句的步骤与规则。
- 熟练掌握 18 个高频状语从句连词的用法,理解它们在时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果等逻辑关系下的表达。
- 深度理解并运用“表示时间或条件的状语从句要用现在时代替将来时”的语法规则,并能清晰辨析 when 和 if 引导名词性从句与状语从句时的时态差异。
句型标记系统(快速回顾)
| 符号 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 主语 Subject | 句子的主角,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 2 | 动词 Verb | 表示动作或状态 |
| be | 系动词 / 广义 be 标记 | is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词;has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式;look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注 |
| 3O | 宾语 Object | 动作的接受者,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 3C | 补语 Complement | 说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里” |
| (4) | 状语 Adverbial | 可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分 |
| (be) | 隐藏的 be | 宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be,用来检验说明关系 |
五种基本句型写成:
- 1 + 2
- 1 + 2 + 3O
- 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
- 1 + be + 3C
- 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C
提示
状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中,但它不是句型骨架的一部分。
状语从句与名词性从句的对比
状语从句是三种从属从句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句)中最简单的一种。它的构造和名词性从句很像,但用法大不相同。状语从句在句中扮演的是副词的角色,修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或全句。
它与名词性从句最大的区别在于:
- 名词性从句是主句中必不可少的主要元素(作主语、宾语等)。一旦删去,主句句型就会残缺不全。
- 状语从句是可有可无的修饰语。即使整个删去,主句依然是一个独立、语法完整的句子。
请对比以下两组句子:
1. 来自陈述句:
I believe that ghosts are real. (我相信真的有鬼。 ——
that引导的名词性从句作 believe 的宾语,不可删去)I believe that, because I have seen one with my own eyes. (我相信那个,因为我亲眼见过。 ——
because引导的状语从句修饰 believe 的原因。若删去,主句 I believe that. 依然成立)
I1说明:—
believe2说明:—
that ghosts are real3O说明:名词性从句
I1说明:—
believe2说明:—
that3O说明:—
because I have seen one with my own eyes(4)说明:状语从句
陈述句改写为名词性从句时,通常是在前面加一个单独、没有实质词义的 that,表示“那句话、那件事”。这个 that 只是语法包装,本身不表达原因、结果、目的等逻辑关系。
陈述句改写为状语从句时,也是在完整限定从句前面加连词,但加的不是空洞的 that,而是有意义的连词,例如 because, although, if, as, when, where 等,用来表达原因、让步、条件、状态、时间、地点等关系。
还有一类特别容易混淆:so ... that, such ... that, in order that, in that 这些连词里也含有 that,但它们不是名词性从句的空洞 that,而是有意义的状语从句连词。请比较:
He said sincerely [that he was sorry].
他很诚恳地说他很抱歉。
He1说明:—
said2说明:—
sincerely(4)说明:—
that he was sorry3O说明:名词性从句
这里 that he was sorry 是名词性从句,作 said 的宾语。如果删掉这个名词性从句,只剩 He said sincerely,句子少了“说了什么”,意思不完整。
He said it so sincerely [that his wife forgave him right away].
他说得非常诚恳,结果他的妻子立刻原谅了他。
He1说明:—
said2说明:—
it3O说明:—
so sincerely(4)说明:—
that his wife forgave him right away(4)说明:结果从句
这里 that his wife forgave him right away 不是名词性从句,而是和前面的 so sincerely 构成 so ... that ... 结果状语从句,说明“诚恳到什么结果”。删掉后,He said it so sincerely 仍然有主语、动词、宾语和状语,是完整句子。
所以判断时不要只看有没有 that。要看这个 that 是不是单独、无意义地包装陈述句;如果它和 so, such, in order, in 等词合成有意义的连词,就应按状语从句处理。
2. 来自特殊疑问句:
Where the bad man is hiding is a big question. (坏人藏在哪里是个大问题。 ——
where引导的名词性从句作主语,不可删去)No matter where / Wherever the bad man is hiding, the police is going to catch him. (不论这个坏人藏在哪里,警方都会抓住他。 —— 由
no matter where / wherever引导的是表示“让步”的状语从句,修饰主句,可以删去)
Where the bad man is hiding1说明:名词性从句
isbe说明:—
a big question.3C说明:—
Wherever the bad man is hiding,(4)
the police1
isbe
going to catch him.3C
按照本书的分析,is 是动词 be,going to catch him 整体作补语 3C。后面 am / not going to help anyone else 也这样分析。
有疑问词的疑问句要改成名词性从句,只要拿掉问号、还原成陈述句的语序,疑问词本身就能当连词。要改成状语从句,前面的步骤一样,接着在疑问词前面加上 no matter(不论),或者在疑问词后面加上 -ever(不论),就变成了表示“让步”的状语从句。例如 Where is the bad man hiding? → where the bad man is hiding(名词性从句)→ no matter where / wherever the bad man is hiding(状语从句)。名词性从句不能删(剩下的 is a big question 不完整);状语从句删掉后,The police is going to catch him. 仍然完整。
3. 来自一般疑问句:
Whether he is still alive (or not) is difficult to say. (他是否还活着很难说。 —— 名词性从句作主语)
Whether he is still alive (or not) / No matter whether he is still alive, I am not going to help anyone else. (不论他是死是活,我都不会去帮别人。 ——
whether / no matter whether引导的是表示“让步”的状语从句)
Whether he is still alive1说明:名词性从句
isbe说明:—
difficult to say.3C说明:—
No matter whether he is still alive,(4)
I1
ambe
not going to help anyone else.3C
没有疑问词的疑问句 Is he still alive? 要改成名词性从句,是拿掉问号、调整语序,再加上连词 whether(是否)。名词性从句表示“是否”时也可以用 if,但放在句首就只能用 whether(第17章)。同一个疑问句要改成状语从句,做法完全一样,也是加 whether,但这时 whether 不再解释为“是否”,而是“不论”,引导表示“让步”的状语从句;也可以用 no matter 代替。这个状语从句修饰主句动词 am,整个删去后 I am not going to help anyone else. 仍然完整。
常用状语从句连词解析
状语从句的连词都是加在完整的限定从句前面。以下按逻辑功能分类介绍高频连词的使用:
一、 时间状语从句
1. after / before / when / since (自从)
After he left school, the young man found himself without work. (毕业/离校后,这个年轻人发现自己失业了。)
Read the paper carefully before you sign it. (在签字之前要仔细阅读文件。)
I was in the bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时我正在洗澡。)
It has been three years since I last visited the small town. (自从我上次拜访那个小镇以来,已经有三年了。)
After he left school(4)说明:时间从句
the young man1说明:—
found2说明:—
himself3O说明:—
without work.3C说明:—
注意:after, before, since, until 也可以当介词,后面接名词,构成介词短语,例如 after Monday, before noon, since last Monday, until January 6。作连词时,后面接的是完整的限定从句。
2. as (当……时)
Tears ran down the woman's face as the train went away. (当火车开走时,眼泪顺着女人的脸颊流下。)
3. while (当……时)
The woman made breakfast while her husband was still sleeping. (当她丈夫还在睡觉时,女人做好了早餐。)
4. until / till (直到……才/为止)
Wait here until you are called for. (在这里等,直到有人叫你。)
5. no sooner ... than ... (刚一……就……)
The bell had no sooner rung than the students jumped up to leave.
- 移至句首倒装:➔
No soonerhad the bell rungthanthe students jumped up to leave.(刚一打铃,学生们就跳起来离开了。)
- 移至句首倒装:➔
The bell1说明:—
had no sooner rung2说明:—
than the students jumped up to leave(4)说明:时间从句
No sooner(4)
had2
the bell1
rung2
than the students jumped up to leave.(4)
这组连词来自比较级,本来是比较两件事哪一件发生得比较快(soon)。因为很常用,no sooner ... than 可以直接看作一组连词,引导表示“时间”的状语从句。如果把具有否定功能的 no sooner 移到句首加强语气,后面主句的主语和动词就必须倒装(倒装句见第21章)。
二、 原因状语从句
1. because / as (因为) / since (既然) / for (因为,常接在逗号后作补充原因说明)
I cannot go out with you tonight because I have some other work. (我今晚不能和你出去,因为我有其他工作。)
As time is running out, we'd better hurry. (因为时间快用完了,我们最好快点。)
Since we have nothing more to do here, we might as well go home. (既然我们在这里已经没事可做,不如回家吧。)
You needn't fear my brother, for he's a good man. (你不用怕我哥哥,因为他是个好人。)
I1说明:—
cannot go out2说明:—
with you(4)说明:—
tonight(4)说明:—
because I have some other work(4)说明:原因从句
注意:as 也可以当介词,意思是“身为、作为”,如 as a teacher;for 也可以当介词,表示“为了……”“有(多久)”,如 for you, for three hours。
2. now that (既然,用于因果过渡)
Now that you have left school, you should start working to help yourself. (既然你毕业了,就应该开始工作自食其力了。)
Now that you have left school(4)说明:原因从句
you1说明:—
should start2说明:—
working3O说明:—
to help yourself.(4)说明:—
三、 条件与假设状语从句
1. if / unless (如果不,除非) / as long as (只要)
If you like, we can talk about our problem in school. (如果你愿意,我们可以在学校谈论我们的问题。)
As long as some food remains, we will stay here. (只要还剩下一些食物,我们就会留在这里。)
If you like(4)说明:条件从句
we1说明:—
can talk2说明:—
about our problem(4)说明:—
in school.(4)说明:—
这个 if 从句用的是事实语气:只要有可能发生,就可以把不确定的事当作真的来说。if 引导的从句也可以用虚拟语气,例如:
If I were you, I wouldn't do so.
如果我是你,我就不这样做。
因为“我”不可能变成“你”,所以要用非事实语气(见第12章)。
In case (that) you haven't heard, the school has closed again. (万一你还没听说:学校又停课了。 —— in case that 构成表示“假设”的状语从句,修饰整个主句,that 可以省略)
2. suppose (that) (假设)
Suppose (that) you needed help with your work, where would you go? (假设你工作需要帮助,你会去哪? ——
needed用过去式表达与事实相反的虚拟语气)Suppose (that) Jack asks you out, will you go? (假设杰克约你出去,你会去吗? —— 用陈述语气表达未来有可能发生的假设)
Suppose you needed help with your work,(4)
where(4)
would2
you1
go?2
3. on condition that (条件是……)
The man spoke to the teacher on condition that he remain anonymous. (这人与老师谈话,条件是他必须保持匿名。 —— remain 用动词原形,表示间接祈使语气)
The man1说明:—
spoke2说明:—
to the teacher(4)说明:—
on condition that he remain anonymous(4)说明:条件从句
四、 让步与对比状语从句
1. although / though (虽然)
My sister doesn't have a boyfriend now, although/though she is very pretty. (我妹妹现在没有男朋友,虽然她长得很漂亮。)
My sister1说明:—
doesn't have2说明:—
a boyfriend3O说明:—
now(4)说明:—
although she is very pretty(4)说明:让步从句
2. while (虽然,相当于 although)
While the job is not urgent, I would like to get it done early. (虽然这项工作并不紧急,但我还是希望早点完成。)
3. only (that) (只不过,相当于 but)
I really like to go to the party, only (that) I have to study for a test. (我很想去参加派对,只不过我必须准备测试。)
4. wh-ever / no matter wh- (不论……)
Whoever / No matter who told you the story, it can't be true. (不论是谁告诉你这个故事的,它都不可能是真的。)
Whatever / No matter what is troubling you, tell me about it. (不论有什么事情在困扰你,告诉我。)
Whenever / No matter when the man hears the song, he thinks of his first love. (不论何时,这名男子一听到这首歌就会想起他的初恋。)
Wherever / No matter where sunshine and water are available, life can survive. (不论哪里,只要有阳光和水,生命就能存续。)
However / No matter how you look at the matter, it isn't fair. (这件事情不论你怎么看,都是不公平的。)
Whichever / No matter which school you choose, you will be accepted. (不论你挑哪所学校,你都会被录取。)
Whoever told you the story(4)说明:让步从句
it1说明:—
can't bebe说明:—
true.3C说明:—
在各种疑问词后面加上 -ever,如果解释为“不论”,用法就相当于在疑问词前面加 no matter。这种从句都是表示“让步”的状语从句,用来修饰主句的动词。
5. whether ... or (not) / no matter ... (不论……)
Whether / No matter I do well or badly in the test, I'm going out tonight. (不论我考得好不好,今晚都要出去。 —— whether 解释为“不论”,引导让步状语从句,修饰主句动词 am)
五、 目的与结果状语从句
1. for fear (that) (生怕,唯恐) / lest (that) (免得)
The boy put water on the fire for fear (that) he might start a big fire. (男孩在火上浇水,生怕会酿成大火。)
Let me speak more clearly, lest (that) I should make a mistake. (让我说得更清楚些,免得犯错。 —— 常用 lest... should V 结构)
The boy1说明:—
put2说明:—
water3O说明:—
on the fire(4)说明:—
for fear he might start a big fire(4)说明:目的从句
在限定从句前加一个单独、无意义的 that,构成的是名词性从句;但如果加的是像 for fear that 这样含有 that、却有意义、表达某种逻辑关系的连词,构成的就是状语从句。这里的 for fear that 引导的状语从句说明动词 put 的“目的”。lest that 的 that 也可以省略。
2. in order that (为了……,引导目的状语从句)
The speaker raised his voice in order that everyone might hear him. (演讲者提高声音,为了能让每个人都听见。)
The speaker1说明:—
raised2说明:—
his voice3O说明:—
in order that everyone might hear him(4)说明:目的从句
3. so (that) (以便/结果)
Three teachers stood in the small room, so (that) no boy dared to play. (三位老师站在小房间里,结果没有男孩敢调皮。 —— 引导结果状语从句)
The school decided to send more teachers so (that) the boys would not play. (学校决定多派老师,目的是不让男孩们调皮。 —— 引导目的状语从句)
Three teachers1说明:—
stood2说明:—
in the small room(4)说明:—
so no boy dared to play(4)说明:结果从句
4. so ... that ... / such ... that ... (如此……以至于……,引导结果状语从句)
It was so cold (that) the lake was frozen through. (天气如此之冷,以至于整个湖都冻透了。)
It was such a cold day (that) few people went outside. (那是如此冷的一天,以至于几乎没人出门。)
It1说明:虚词
wasbe说明:—
so cold3C说明:—
(that) the lake was frozen through(4)说明:结果从句
- so ... that:that 引导的状语从句修饰程度副词 so,so 再修饰形容词 cold。so ... that 用来修饰形容词或副词,that 可以省略。
- such ... that:that 引导的状语从句修饰名词短语 such a cold day 里的前置限定词 such。that 也可以省略。
- so (that) 的两种用法:第一句的 so that 解释为“结果”,修饰动词 stood 的结果;第二句的 so that 解释为“目的是”,修饰动词 decided 的目的。两句的 that 都可以省略。
六、 特殊的“补充说明从句”:in that
The test is a success in that it has shown the plan is wrong. (这次测试很成功,意思在于它证明了那个计划是错的。)
- 原理解析:一般情况下,介词后面不能直接加单纯的连词 that,为什么会有 in that 这样的连词?其实它是
in the sense that...(这样说的意思是……)的省略,in 和 that 原本并没有连在一起。上文说这次测试“成功”,但这里的“成功”和一般的成功不同(并不是得到预期的结果,反而是因为没得到预期结果而证明了计划有错),需要补充说明,所以加上 in the sense that...。that 引导的本来是 the sense 的同位语名词性从句;省略掉 the sense 成为 in that 之后,就可以直接看作一组连词,引导用于“补充说明”的状语从句,修饰动词 is。
- 原理解析:一般情况下,介词后面不能直接加单纯的连词 that,为什么会有 in that 这样的连词?其实它是
七、 方式、范围、地点与比较
1. as (正如,如同)
Haste makes waste, as the saying goes. (俗话说,欲速则不达。 —— as 表示“正如”,引导的状语从句修饰整个主句)
2. as if (仿佛,好像)
后面的状语从句可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气:
The student raised a hand, as if he was going to ask a question. (这名学生举起手,好像要问问题。 —— 时间在过去,用过去式 was,是表达事实的陈述语气,意思是“好像真的要问”)
The woman treats her husband as if he were a baby. (这个女人对待丈夫就像对待小婴儿一样。 —— 时间是现在,却用 were,是表达非事实的虚拟语气:丈夫并不真的是婴儿)
3. as far as (就……而言,据……)
As far as I know, your friend had no part in the bad thing. (据我所知,你的朋友没有参与那件坏事。 —— 表示“范围、限度”,修饰整个主句)
4. where (在……的地方)
Flowers grow where there is sun and water. (有阳光和水的地方就会长花。 —— 地点状语从句,修饰动词 grow 的地方)
5. as ... as / than (比较)
You can stay for as many days as you like. (你爱住几天就住几天。 —— 第一个 as 是程度副词,修饰限定词 many;第二个 as 是从属连词,引导状语从句 you like (to stay),修饰第一个 as。详见第6章)
That man has more money than he can ever spend. (那个人的钱一辈子都花不完。 —— than 引导用于比较的状语从句,修饰限定词 more)
The test1说明:—
isbe说明:—
a success3C说明:—
in that it has shown the plan is wrong(4)说明:补充说明从句
💡 语法判定规则:名词性从句还是状语从句?
前面(第9章、第12章)说过“表示时间、条件的状语从句要用现在式代替将来式”,这其实是语气造成的。不过当时还没介绍复句结构,说明得不完整。现在我们再来看看,也检验一下自己对两种从句的理解是否正确。
学习复句结构时,如何判断一个从句到底是名词性从句还是状语从句?又该如何决定其动词时态与连词解释?我们通过 when 和 if 这两个最容易混淆的连词来进行深度探究。
一、 表示时间(以 when 为例)
首先,我们通过分析句子结构,来判断何者为状语从句、何者为名词性从句。请对比以下两个例句:
- He didn't tell me when he bought the house.
他没告诉我他是什么时候买了这栋房子的。
He1说明:—
didn't tell2说明:—
me3O说明:—
when he bought the house3O说明:名词性从句
- He didn't tell me the price when he bought the house.
他买这栋房子的时候并没有告诉我价钱。
He1说明:—
didn't tell2说明:—
me3O说明:—
the price3O说明:—
when he bought the house(4)说明:时间状语从句
及物动词 tell 后面可以有两个宾语,是 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O 的双宾语结构:
- 在例句 1 中:主句动词
didn't tell的第一个宾语是me,第二个宾语是名词性从句when he bought the house。这个名词性从句来自疑问句 When did he buy the house?,删掉问号、改变动词顺序之后,疑问词when充当连词,引导一个代表“问题”的名词性从句,其中的疑问词when解释为“何时”。 - 在例句 2 中:动词
didn't tell也有两个宾语,第一个宾语是me,第二个宾语则是名词短语the price,所以双宾语的句型骨架已经完备。后面的when he bought the house就是一个可有可无的状语从句,当作副词使用,修饰动词didn't tell的时间。这里的连词when是陈述句外加的从属连词,表达“当……时”的语意,引导的是时间状语从句。
💡 “主将从现”时态判定的语气本质:
确实能够区分名词性从句与状语从句之后,请对比以下句子:
- Do you know when he will return?
你知道他什么时候会回来吗?
Do2
you1
know2
when he will return?3O
- 分析:这里的
when he will return是由疑问句 When will he return? 改写而成的名词性从句,when是疑问词,意思是“什么时候”。因为他什么时候回来是悬而未决的不确定问题,所以必须保留表达未来的will。
- He will call you when he returns.
他回来的时候会打电话给你的。
He1说明:—
will call2说明:—
you3O说明:—
when he returns(4)说明:时间状语从句
- 分析:这里的
when he returns则是一个时间状语从句,加了一个表示“当……时”的连词when,用来修饰主句动词will call的时间。这个句子中,“当他回来时”的言下之意是把未来的动作当作已经到了那个时候、成了既定事实来叙述,因此必须用现在式returns。语法规则“表示时间的状语从句用现在式代替将来时”,说的就是这种情况,从句中不用will。
相同地,其他表示时间的连词如 as soon as, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句中,也同样不用 will,要改写为现在式。
💡 完成时的情况:用现在完成时代替将来完成时
如果时间状语从句中要表达动作在未来某点前完成,同样要用陈述事实的现在完成式,而不能用所谓的将来完成式:
- You can have this computer when I have finished—in about half an hour.
等我用完了这台电脑你就可以拿去 —— 大约再过半个小时吧。
You1说明:—
can have2说明:—
this computer3O说明:—
when I have finished(4)说明:时间状语从句
- 分析:句中的
when I have finished是时间状语从句,用来修饰主句动词can have的时间。虽然是未来时间,但同样当作已经到了那个时候、成为既定事实来叙述,所以动词只能采用现在完成式的形态have finished。
💡 反向判定:通过时态反推从句属性与解释
有时候,我们可以反过来利用时态与语气来判断一个从属从句到底是名词性从句还是状语从句:
- I'll let you know when he will return.
我会让你知道他什么时候将会回来。(从句中含 will ➔ 名词性从句,宾语 ➔ when 解释为“何时”)
I1说明:—
will let2说明:—
you3O说明:—
know [when he will return]3C说明:名词性从句内容
- I'll let you know when he returns.
到他回来的时候我就会让你知道。(从句中用现在式 ➔ 时间状语从句 ➔ when 解释为“当……时”)
I1说明:—
will let2说明:—
you3O说明:—
know3C说明:—
when he returns(4)说明:时间状语从句
二、 表示条件(以 if 为例)
接着,我们以连词 if 为例,来判断何者为名词性从句、何者为状语从句:
- I can't remember if I turned off the gas or not.
我想不起来到底有没有把煤气关掉。
I1说明:—
can't remember2说明:—
if I turned off the gas or not3O说明:名词性从句
- 分析:主句的动词
can't remember是个及物动词,后面需要宾语。因此,if I turned off the gas or not是名词性从句,作其宾语。作名词性从句解释时,连词if相当于whether,解释为“是否”,代表一个问题。它还原为独立的疑问句就是:Did I turn off the gas?
- I have to go back if I didn't turn off the gas.
如果没有关煤气,我就得回去一趟。
I1说明:—
have to go back2说明:—
if I didn't turn off the gas(4)说明:条件状语从句
- 分析:主句的动词短语
have to go back是不及物动词结构,后面并没有可以放名词宾语的位置,所以这里的if从句不是名词性从句,而是状语从句。当状语从句使用时,连词if解释为“如果”,修饰主句动词的条件。
💡 未来时间下的时态判定:
- I have no idea if this plan will work (or not).
我根本不知道这个计划到底会不会奏效。
I1
have2
no idea if this plan will work3O
分析:这个句子可以拆开为两句理解:
- I have no idea about the question.
- Will this plan work?
第二句是个一般疑问句,加上表示“是否”的连词
whether,改写为名词性从句whether this plan will work (or not),放在主句后面当the question的同位语。再把介词短语about the question省掉,就成为复句。把连词换成同样表示“是否”的连词if,就会是例句 3。因为是悬而未决的问题,所以保留will。
- I have a big reward for you if this plan works.
如果这个计划奏效了,我有个大奖要送给你。
I1说明:—
have2说明:—
a big reward3O说明:—
for you(4)说明:—
if this plan works(4)说明:条件状语从句
- 分析:此句中的
if this plan works是加上解释为“如果”的连词而构成的,放在主句中修饰动词have的条件,是条件状语从句。连词if解释为“如果”,言下之意是“假如果是真的”,也就是把一件尚未确定的未来事情先假设为是真的、当成事实来讲,因此要采用叙述事实的陈述语气,动词采用现在式的works。这也就是“表示条件的状语从句要用现在式代替将来时”的内在机理。