第十八章 副词从句

本章学习目标

本章我们将学习主从复合句中的第二种从属从句 —— “副词从句”（Adverb Clauses，在传统语法中常被称为状语从句）。通过学习，你将能够：

1. 掌握副词从句的定义与基本特性，明确它与名词从句在主句结构中的区别。
2. 熟练掌握从陈述句、特殊疑问句（wh- 引导）和一般疑问句（Yes/No 引导）改写为副词从句的步骤与规则。
3. 熟练掌握 18 个高频副词从句连词的用法，理解它们在时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果等逻辑关系下的表达。
4. 深度理解并运用“表示时间或条件的副词从句要用现在时代替将来时”的语法规则，并能清晰辨析 when 和 if 引导名词从句与副词从句时的时态差异。

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句型标记系统（快速回顾）

符号	含义	说明
1	主语 Subject	句子的主角，回答“谁 / 什么”
2	动词 Verb	表示动作或状态
be	系动词 / 广义 be 标记	is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词；has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式；look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注
3O	宾语 Object	动作的接受者，回答“谁 / 什么”
3C	补语 Complement	说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里”
(4)	状语 Adverbial	可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分
(be)	隐藏的 be	宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be，用来检验说明关系

五种基本句型写成：

1. 1 + 2
2. 1 + 2 + 3O
3. 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
4. 1 + be + 3C
5. 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C

提示

状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中，但它不是句型骨架的一部分。

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副词从句与名词从句的对比

副词从句在句中扮演的是副词的角色，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或全句。

它与名词从句最大的区别在于：

• 名词从句是主句中必不可少的主要元素（作主语、宾语等）。一旦删去，主句句型就会残缺不全。
• 副词从句是可有可无的修饰语。即使整个删去，主句依然是一个独立、语法完整的句子。

请对比以下两组句子：

1. 来自陈述句：

• I believe that ghosts are real. (我相信真的有鬼。 —— that 引导的名词从句作 believe 的宾语，不可删去)

• I believe that, because I have seen one with my own eyes. (我相信那个，因为我亲眼见过。 —— because 引导的副词从句修饰 believe 的原因。若删去，主句 I believe that. 依然成立)

I1

believe2

[that ghosts are real]3O / 名词从句

I1

believe2

that3O

[because I have seen one with my own eyes](4) / 副词从句

陈述句改写为名词从句时，通常是在前面加一个单独、没有实质词义的 that，表示“那句话、那件事”。这个 that 只是语法包装，本身不表达原因、结果、目的等逻辑关系。

陈述句改写为副词从句时，也是在完整限定子句前面加连词，但加的不是空洞的 that，而是有意义的连词，例如 because, although, if, as, when, where 等，用来表达原因、让步、条件、状态、时间、地点等关系。

还有一类特别容易混淆：so ... that, such ... that, in order that, in that 这些连词里也含有 that，但它们不是名词从句的空洞 that，而是有意义的副词从句连词。请比较：

He said sincerely [that he was sorry].

他很诚恳地说他很抱歉。

He1

said2

sincerely(4)

[that he was sorry]3O / 名词从句

这里 that he was sorry 是名词从句，作 said 的宾语。如果删掉这个名词从句，只剩 He said sincerely，句子少了“说了什么”，意思不完整。

He said it so sincerely [that his wife forgave him right away].

他说得非常诚恳，结果他的妻子立刻原谅了他。

He1

said2

it3O

so sincerely(4)

[that his wife forgave him right away](4) / 结果从句

这里 that his wife forgave him right away 不是名词从句，而是和前面的 so sincerely 构成 so ... that ... 结果状语从句，说明“诚恳到什么结果”。删掉后，He said it so sincerely 仍然有主语、动词、宾语和状语，是完整句子。

所以判断时不要只看有没有 that。要看这个 that 是不是单独、无意义地包装陈述句；如果它和 so, such, in order, in 等词合成有意义的连词，就应按副词从句处理。

2. 来自特殊疑问句：

• Where the bad man is hiding is a big question. (坏人藏在哪里是个大问题。 —— where 引导的名词从句作主语，不可删去)

• No matter where / Wherever the bad man is hiding, the police is going to catch him. (不论这个坏人藏在哪里，警方都会抓住他。 —— 由 no matter where / wherever 引导的是表示“让步”的副词从句，修饰主句，可以删去)

[Where the bad man is hiding]1 / 名词从句

isbe

a big question.3C

[Wherever the bad man is hiding](4) / 让步副词从句

the police1

is going to catch2

him.3O

3. 来自一般疑问句：

• Whether he is still alive (or not) is difficult to say. (他是否还活着很难说。 —— 名词从句作主语)

• Whether he is still alive (or not) / No matter whether he is still alive, I am not going to help anyone else. (不论他是死是活，我都不会去帮别人。 —— whether / no matter whether 引导的是表示“让步”的副词从句)

[Whether he is still alive]1 / 名词从句

isbe

difficult to say.3C

[No matter whether he is still alive](4) / 让步副词从句

I1

am not going to help2

anyone else.3O

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常用副词从句连词解析

副词从句的连词都是加在完整的限定子句前面。以下按逻辑功能分类介绍高频连词的使用：

一、 时间状语从句

1. after / before / when / since (自从)

• After he left school, the young man found himself without work. (毕业/离校后，这个年轻人发现自己失业了。)

• Read the paper carefully before you sign it. (在签字之前要仔细阅读文件。)

• I was in the bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时我正在洗澡。)

• It has been three years since I last visited the small town. (自从我上次拜访那个小镇以来，已经有三年了。)

After he left school(4) / 时间从句

the young man1

found2

himself3O

without work.3C

2. as (当……时)

• Tears ran down the woman's face as the train went away. (当火车开走时，眼泪顺着女人的脸颊流下。)

3. while (当……时)

• The woman made breakfast while her husband was still sleeping. (当她丈夫还在睡觉时，女人做好了早餐。)

4. until / till (直到……才/为止)

• Wait here until you are called for. (在这里等，直到有人叫你。)

5. no sooner ... than ... (刚一……就……)

• The bell had no sooner rung than the students jumped up to leave.

  • 移至句首倒装：➔ No sooner had the bell rung than the students jumped up to leave. (刚一打铃，学生们就跳起来离开了。)

The bell1

had no sooner rung2

than the students jumped up to leave(4) / 时间从句

No sooner had the bell rung(4) / 倒装时间从句

than the students jumped up to leave(4)

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二、 原因状语从句

1. because / as (因为) / since (既然) / for (因为，常接在逗号后作补充原因说明)

• I cannot go out with you tonight because I have some other work. (我今晚不能和你出去，因为我有其他工作。)

• As there is little time left, we'd better hurry. (因为所剩时间无多，我们最好快点。)

• Since there's nothing more to do here, we might as well go home. (既然在这已经没事可做，我们不如回家吧。)

• You needn't fear my brother, for he's a good man. (你不用怕我哥哥，因为他是个好人。)

I1

cannot go out2

with you(4)

tonight(4)

because I have some other work(4) / 原因从句

2. now that (既然，用于因果过渡)

• Now that you have left school, you should start working to help yourself. (既然你毕业了，就应该开始工作自食其力了。)

Now that you have left school(4) / 原因从句

you1

should start2

working3O

to help yourself.(4)

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三、 条件与假设状语从句

1. if / unless (如果不，除非) / as long as (只要)

• If you like, we can talk about our problem in school. (如果你愿意，我们可以在学校谈论我们的问题。)

• As long as there is food left, we will stay here. (只要还有食物，我们就会留在这里。)

If you like(4) / 条件从句

we1

can talk2

about our problem(4)

in school.(4)

2. suppose (that) (假设)

• Suppose (that) you needed help with your work, where would you go? (假设你工作需要帮助，你会去哪？ —— needed 用过去式表达与事实相反的虚拟语气)

• Suppose (that) Jack asks you out, will you go? (假设杰克约你出去，你会去吗？ —— 用陈述语气表达未来有可能发生的假设)

Suppose you needed help with your work(4) / 假设从句

where(4)

would you go?1 + 2

3. on condition that (条件是……)

• The man spoke to the teacher on condition that he remain anonymous. (这人与老师谈话，条件是他必须保持匿名。 —— remain 用动词原形，表示间接祈使语气)

The man1

spoke2

to the teacher(4)

on condition that he remain anonymous(4) / 条件从句

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四、 让步与对比状语从句

1. although / though (虽然)

• My sister doesn't have a boyfriend now, although/though she is very pretty. (我妹妹现在没有男朋友，虽然她长得很漂亮。)

My sister1

doesn't have2

a boyfriend3O

now(4)

although she is very pretty(4) / 让步从句

2. while (虽然，相当于 although)

• While there is no hurry, I would like to get the job done early. (虽然不急，但我还是希望早点把工作做完。)

3. only (that) (只不过，相当于 but)

• I really like to go to the party, only (that) I have to study for a test. (我很想去参加派对，只不过我必须准备测试。)

4. wh-ever / no matter wh- (不论……)

• Whoever / No matter who told you the story, it can't be true. (不论是谁告诉你这个故事的，它都不可能是真的。)

• Whatever / No matter what is troubling you, tell me about it. (不论有什么事情在困扰你，告诉我。)

• Whenever / No matter when the man hears the song, he thinks of his first love. (不论何时，这名男子一听到这首歌就会想起他的初恋。)

• Wherever / No matter where there is sunshine and water, there is life. (不论哪里，只要有阳光和水，就有生命。)

• However / No matter how you look at the matter, it isn't fair. (这件事情不论你怎么看，都是不公平的。)

• Whichever / No matter which school you choose, you will be accepted. (不论你挑哪所学校，你都会被录取。)

Whoever told you the story(4) / 让步从句

it1

can't bebe

true.3C

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五、 目的与结果状语从句

1. for fear (that) (生怕，唯恐) / lest (that) (免得)

• The boy put water on the fire for fear (that) he might start a big fire. (男孩在火上浇水，生怕会酿成大火。)

• Let me speak more clearly, lest (that) there should be any mistake. (让我说得更清楚些，免得产生误会/错误。 —— 常用 lest... should V 结构)

The boy1

put2

water3O

on the fire(4)

for fear he might start a big fire(4) / 目的从句

2. in order that (为了……，引导目的状语从句)

• The speaker raised his voice in order that everyone might hear him. (演讲者提高声音，为了能让每个人都听见。)

The speaker1

raised2

his voice3O

in order that everyone might hear him(4) / 目的从句

3. so (that) (以便/结果)

• There were three teachers in the small room, so (that) no boy dared to play. (小房间里有三位老师，结果没有男孩敢调皮。 —— 引导结果状语从句)

• The school decided to send more teachers so (that) the boys would not play. (学校决定多派老师，目的是不让男孩们调皮。 —— 引导目的状语从句)

There1 / 虚词

werebe

three teachers3C

in the small room(4)

so no boy dared to play(4) / 结果从句

4. so ... that ... / such ... that ... (如此……以至于……，引导结果状语从句)

• It was so cold (that) the lake was frozen through. (天气如此之冷，以至于整个湖都冻透了。)

• It was such a cold day (that) few people went outside. (那是如此冷的一天，以至于几乎没人出门。)

It1 / 虚词

wasbe

so cold3C

(that) the lake was frozen through(4) / 结果从句

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六、 特殊的“补充说明从句”：in that

• The test is a success in that it has shown the plan is wrong. (这次测试很成功，意思在于它证明了那个计划是错的。)

  • 原理解析：in that 引导的从句是 in the sense that... (在……这种层面上说) 的省略简化。that 引导的同位语从句在省略了 the sense 后，直接与 in 拼合成了连词，引导副词从句修饰主句。

The test1

isbe

a success3C

in that it has shown the plan is wrong(4) / 补充说明从句

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💡 语法判定规则：名词从句还是副词从句？

学习复句结构时，如何判断一个从句到底是名词从句还是副词从句？又该如何决定其动词时态与连词解释？我们通过 when 和 if 这两个最容易混淆的连词来进行深度探究。

一、 表示时间（以 when 为例）

首先，我们通过分析句子结构，来判断何者为副词从句、何者为名词从句。请对比以下两个例句：

1. He didn't tell me when he bought the house.

他没告诉我他是什么时候买了这栋房子的。

He1

didn't tell2

me3O

[when he bought the house]3O / 名词从句

2. He didn't tell me the price when he bought the house.

他买这栋房子的时候并没有告诉我价钱。

He1

didn't tell2

me3O

the price3O

when he bought the house(4) / 时间副词从句

及物动词 tell 后面可以有两个宾语，是 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O 的双宾语结构：

• 在例句 1 中：主句动词 didn't tell 的第一个宾语是 me，第二个宾语是名词从句 when he bought the house。这个名词从句来自疑问句 When did he buy the house?，删掉问号、改变动词顺序之后，疑问词 when 充当连词，引导一个代表“问题”的名词从句，其中的疑问词 when 解释为“何时”。
• 在例句 2 中：动词 didn't tell 也有两个宾语，第一个宾语是 me，第二个宾语则是名词短语 the price，所以双宾语的句型骨架已经完备。后面的 when he bought the house 就是一个可有可无的状语从句，当作副词使用，修饰动词 didn't tell 的时间。这里的连词 when 是陈述句外加的从属连词，表达“当……时”的语意，引导的是时间副词从句。

💡 “主将从现”时态判定的语气本质：

确实能够区分名词从句与副词从句之后，请对比以下句子：

3. Do you know when he will return?

你知道他什么时候会回来吗？

you1

Do know2

[when he will return]3O / 名词从句

• 分析：这里的 when he will return 是由疑问句 When will he return? 改写而成的名词从句，when 是疑问词，意思是“什么时候”。因为他什么时候回来是悬而未决的不确定问题，所以必须保留表达未来的 will。

4. He will call you when he returns.

他回来的时候会打电话给你的。

He1

will call2

you3O

when he returns(4) / 时间副词从句

• 分析：这里的 when he returns 则是一个时间副词从句，加了一个表示“当……时”的连词 when，用来修饰主句动词 will call 的时间。这个句子中，“当他回来时”的言下之意是把未来的动作当作已经到了那个时候、成了既定事实来叙述，因此必须用现在式 returns。语法规则“表示时间的副词从句用现在式代替将来时”，说的就是这种情况，从句中不用 will。

相同地，其他表示时间的连词如 as soon as, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，也同样不用 will，要改写为现在式。

💡 完成时的情况：用现在完成时代替将来完成时

如果时间状语从句中要表达动作在未来某点前完成，同样要用陈述事实的现在完成式，而不能用所谓的将来完成式：

5. You can have this computer when I have finished—in about half an hour.

等我用完了这台电脑你就可以拿去 —— 大约再过半个小时吧。

You1

can have2

this computer3O

when I have finished(4) / 时间副词从句

• 分析：句中的 when I have finished 是时间副词从句，用来修饰主句动词 can have 的时间。虽然是未来时间，但同样当作已经到了那个时候、成为既定事实来叙述，所以动词只能采用现在完成式的形态 have finished。

💡 反向判定：通过时态反推从句属性与解释

有时候，我们可以反过来利用时态与语气来判断一个从属从句到底是名词从句还是副词从句：

6. I'll let you know when he will return.

我会让你知道他什么时候将会回来。（从句中含 will ➔ 名词从句，宾语 ➔ when 解释为“何时”）

I1

will let2

you3O

know [when he will return]3C / 名词从句内容

7. I'll let you know when he returns.

到他回来的时候我就会让你知道。（从句中用现在式 ➔ 时间状语从句 ➔ when 解释为“当……时”）

I1

will let2

you3O

know3C

when he returns(4) / 时间副词从句

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二、 表示条件（以 if 为例）

接着，我们以连词 if 为例，来判断何者为名词从句、何者为副词从句：

1. I can't remember if I turned off the gas or not.

我想不起来到底有没有把煤气关掉。

I1

can't remember2

[if I turned off the gas or not]3O / 名词从句

• 分析：主句的动词 can't remember 是个及物动词，后面需要宾语。因此，if I turned off the gas or not 是名词从句，作其宾语。作名词从句解释时，连词 if 相当于 whether，解释为“是否”，代表一个问题。它还原为独立的疑问句就是：Did I turn off the gas?

2. I have to go back if I didn't turn off the gas.

如果没有关煤气，我就得回去一趟。

I1

have to go back2

if I didn't turn off the gas(4) / 条件副词从句

• 分析：主句的动词短语 have to go back 是不及物动词结构，后面并没有可以放名词宾语的位置，所以这里的 if 从句不是名词从句，而是副词从句。当副词从句使用时，连词 if 解释为“如果”，修饰主句动词的条件。

💡 未来时间下的时态判定：

3. I have no idea if this plan will work (or not).

我根本不知道这个计划到底会不会奏效。

I1

have2

no idea3O

[if this plan will work]同位语/名词从句

• 分析：这个句子可以拆开为两句理解：

  1. I have no idea about the question.
  2. Will this plan work?

  第二句是个一般疑问句，加上表示“是否”的连词 whether，改写为名词从句 whether this plan will work (or not)，放在主句后面当 the question 的同位语。再把介词短语 about the question 省掉，就成为复句。把连词换成同样表示“是否”的连词 if，就会是例句 3。因为是悬而未决的问题，所以保留 will。

4. I have a big reward for you if this plan works.

如果这个计划奏效了，我有个大奖要送给你。

I1

have2

a big reward3O

for you(4)

if this plan works(4) / 条件副词从句

• 分析：此句中的 if this plan works 是加上解释为“如果”的连词而构成的，放在主句中修饰动词 have 的条件，是条件状语从句。连词 if 解释为“如果”，言下之意是“假如果是真的”，也就是把一件尚未确定的未来事情先假设为是真的、当成事实来讲，因此要采用叙述事实的陈述语气，动词采用现在式的 works。这也就是“表示条件的状语从句要用现在式代替将来时”的内在机理。