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第十六章 并列分句
本章学习目标
本章我们将告别单句,正式进入多从句复合句的层次。通过学习,你将能够:
- 掌握限定子句与非限定子句的定义,理清单句、并列句(包含并列分句)与简化子句的三大句子层次。
- 熟练掌握并列分句的标点符号规则(如逗号、分号与连接副词的组合),避免 comma splice(逗号粘连)与 run-on sentence(融合句)错误。
- 掌握关联词组连接并列分句时的对称要求,尤其是在否定关联词(如 not only)移至句首倒装时的对称改写。
- 掌握并列分句的省略原则,学会通过省略中间重复元素(保留句首和句尾)来使句子更加简洁。
句型标记系统(快速回顾)
| 符号 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 主语 Subject | 句子的主角,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 2 | 动词 Verb | 表示动作或状态 |
| be | 系动词 / 广义 be 标记 | is / am / are / was / were 是 be 动词;has been / have been / had been / will have been / would have been 是 be 动词的完成形式;look / feel / seem / become / get 等系动词也按 be 标注 |
| 3O | 宾语 Object | 动作的接受者,回答“谁 / 什么” |
| 3C | 补语 Complement | 说明主语或宾语“是什么 / 怎么样 / 在哪里” |
| (4) | 状语 Adverbial | 可以删除的时间、地点、方式等修饰成分 |
| (be) | 隐藏的 be | 宾语和宾语补足语之间可以插入 be,用来检验说明关系 |
五种基本句型写成:
- 1 + 2
- 1 + 2 + 3O
- 1 + 2 + 3O + 3O
- 1 + be + 3C
- 1 + 2 + 3O + (be) + 3C
提示
状语 (4) 可以出现在五种句型中,但它不是句型骨架的一部分。
限定子句与非限定子句的定义
在英语中,如果一个句子里包含两个以上的单句,每一个单句都被称为子句(clause,在大陆学术上通常根据功能称为“分句”或“从句”)。子句可以分为以下两类:
- 限定子句 (finite clauses):
- 包含限定动词的子句。
- 限定动词是指具有主语人称一致性变化、时态变化,能够独立构成完整单句的动词。
- 非限定子句 (nonfinite clauses):
- 仅包含非限定动词(即非谓语动词,如现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式等)的子句。这是限定动词经过词类变化后的产物,无法独立构成单句。
请对比以下两个句子,体会其结构的区别:
- He understands that he did the wrong thing then.
他了解他当时做错事了。
He1
understands2
that he did the wrong thing then.3O
- 这里的
He understands...是一个限定子句,因为其中有第三人称单数现在时的限定动词understands。 - 后面的宾语从句
he did the wrong thing then也是一个限定子句,因为其中含有过去时限定动词did。
- He hates his girlfriend's spending so much time on makeup every day.
他很讨厌他女朋友每天花那么多时间化妆。
He1
hates2
his girlfriend's spending so much time on makeup every day.3O
- 这个句子只有一个限定子句,即主句
He hates...(含有限定动词 hates)。 - 后半部分的整个结构
his girlfriend's spending so much time on makeup every day,虽然也是一段叙述,但它是一个非限定子句,因为里面只有用到非限定动词spending(动名词)。如果改为that his girlfriend spends so much time on makeup every day,其中有限定动词spends,那才是一个限定子句。
单句、复合句与简化子句的三大层次
根据句子中动词和子句的嵌套状态,英语的句子可以分为以下三个由浅入深的层次:
1. 单句(初级层次):
只有一个限定动词,表示一个完整意思。
We are sitting here in the sun. (我们坐在这儿晒太阳。)
We1
arebe
sitting3C
here in the sun.(4)
We can see snow-covered hills. (我们可以看到白雪皑皑的山丘。)
We1
can see2
snow-covered hills.3O
2. 复合句(中级层次):
由两个以上的限定子句通过连词连接而成。分为:
- 并列句 (compound sentences) ➔ 由并列连词连接两个以上同等地位的并列分句。
We are sitting here in the sun, and we can see snow-covered hills.
We1
arebe
sitting3C
here in the sun(4)
and并列连词
we can see snow-covered hills.并列分句
- 主从复合句 (complex sentences) ➔ 由从属连词引导的从句与主句嵌套。
As we sit here in the sun, we can see snow-covered hills. (从句 + 主句)
As we sit here in the sun(4)
we1
can see2
snow-covered hills.3O
3. 简化子句(高级层次):
由于复合句中常有重复和多余的信息,为了追求最精简的高级修饰效果,我们通过简化,仅保留唯一一个限定子句作为主干,其余子句全部压缩改写为非限定子句:
Sitting here in the sun, we can see snow-covered hills. (非限定子句 + 限定主句)
Sitting here in the sun(4)
we1
can see2
snow-covered hills.3O
(注:本章我们重点讨论由并列分句组成的第二层次 —— 并列句。)
并列分句与并列句
我们可以用并列连词连接两个以上的限定子句来构成并列句,其中的每一个限定子句就是并列分句。例如:
Everyone was in the hall, and the door had been closed.
大家都在大厅内,门也已经关了。
Everyone1
wasbe
in the hall3C
and并列连词
the door had been closed.并列分句
the door1
had beenbe
closed.3C
- 这是一个并列句,由并列连词
and连接两个独立的并列分句构成。
Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the lights were out.
我们大部分人都在大厅里,门已关上,灯也熄了。
Most of us1
werebe
in the hall3C
the doors had been closed并列分句
and the lights were out.并列分句
- 包含三个并列分句的并列句。前两句用逗号隔开,最后两句用
and连接。
He did not like us, and everyone knew, but no one admitted it.
他不喜欢我们。大家都知道,但是没人承认这件事。
He1
did not like2
us3O
and everyone knew, but no one admitted it.并列分句
这个例句也是一个并列句,由并列连词
and连接两个并列分句构成。不过,and右边的并列分句并不单纯。它可以拆开成为以下两个单句看待:Everyone knew it.(主语Everyone,动词knew,宾语it—— 属 1 + 2 + 3O 句型)No one admitted it.(主语No one,动词admitted,宾语it—— 属 1 + 2 + 3O 句型)
这两个单句用并列连词
but来连接,可以构成下面这个并列句:Everyone knew it, but no one admitted it.
Everyone1
knew2
it3O
but no one admitted it.并列分句
在这两个并列分句中,宾语位置的 it 有重复,可以省掉前面那句的一个,成为:
Everyone knew, but no one admitted it.
Everyone1
knew2
but no one admitted it.并列分句
所以,上面的例句是由两个大的并列分句构成,其中右边的并列分句本身也是一个并列句,里面包含两个小并列分句。
⚠️ 并列分句的标点符号陷阱:Comma Splice 与 Run-on
在书写并列句时,两个并列分句之间不能仅仅用一个逗号连接,也不能完全没有任何标点和连词。
- Comma Splice(逗号粘连):
- *
Everyone was in the hall, the door had been closed.➔ 错误!逗号是停顿符号,没有连接两个独立限定分句的语法功能。 - 修正:在逗号后加上并列连词
and,或者将逗号改为分号;。
- *
- Run-on Sentence(融合句/无连句):
- *
Everyone was in the hall the door had been closed.➔ 错误!两个独立句子堆叠在一起,没有任何连接符号。
- *
💡 正确的连接三种方式:
- 方式一(使用逗号 + 并列连词):➔
..., and ... - 方式二(仅使用分号,不加连词):➔
...; ... - 方式三(使用分号 + 连接副词 + 逗号):➔
...; however, ...或...; otherwise, ...(注意:however, therefore, otherwise 是副词,不能当连词用,因此前面必须用分号;或句号,不能用逗号)
并列分句与关联词组的对称要求
并列分句同样可以使用关联词组连接:
Either he did not like our hair, or we had made him angry in some other way.
他要不是不喜欢我们的发型,就是我们不知怎么得罪了他。(由 either...or 连接两个完全对称的限定子句)
Either he1
did not like2
our hair3O
or we had made him angry in some other way.并列分句
🚨 关联词组倒装句的对称与 also 位置
并列连词的关联词组有时会用在倒装句中,这时候就得特别注意对称的要求。
请看这个正确的常规句子:
China is not only the world's most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century.
中国不仅是世界上人口最多的国家,更是 21 世纪最大的市场。
China1
isbe
not only the world's most populous state3C
but also the largest market in the 21st century.3C
这个句子中用到的并列连词关联词组是 not only A but also B。句中的 A 部分是名词短语 the world's most populous state,B 部分是名词短语 the largest market in the 21st century,两者都是名词短语,符合对称的要求。
像 not only 这种具有否定功能的副词,如果选择把它移到句首来作强调,主语与动词就必须倒装。学习者在写倒装句的时候,很容易产生以下的错误:
*Not only is China the world's most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century. 【错误】
错误分析: 像
not only A but also B等关联词组,对称的要求比一般的并列连词更为严格:A 与 B 必须对称、内容不能省略。上面那个句子因为把not only移到句首变成了倒装句,结果not only与but also之间的 A 部分变成一个完整的限定子句(is China the world's most populous state),but also后面的 B 部分却是一个名词短语(the largest market in the 21st century),所以 A 与 B 并不对称,句子就不对了。正确修正方法: 必须将 B 部分也改写为完整的限定子句,才符合平行对称的要求。如下:
Not only is China the world's most populous state but it is also the largest market in the 21st century.
Not only isbe
China1
the world's most populous state3C
but it is also the largest market in the 21st century.并列分句
- 关于
also位置的重点分析: 请注意,在修正后的句子中,also的位置不一定要和but放在一起。also和only一样,是强调范围的副词(focusing adverb)。not only强调中国是“世界人口最多的国家”,also则是要强调中国还是“21 世纪最大的市场”,所以把also放在the largest market前面最恰当。另外,A 分句是因为有否定副词not only移到句首,所以要用倒装句,B 分句则没有,所以不能倒装。
并列分句的省略原则
并列分句因为在结构上高度工整,往往会出现很多重复词语。我们可以通过省略(Ellipsis)来避免啰嗦,使句子更简洁。
🚨 黄金原则:句首和句尾通常代表开始与结束,绝对不能省略!我们只能省略夹在句子中间的重复成分。
请看以下这句写作中常见的错误省略:
*After years of hard work, spring floods and summer droughts have not and may never be eliminated from this area. 【误】
这个句子可以还原为以下两个单句:
After years of hard work, spring floods and summer droughts have not been eliminated from this area.- 主语(S):
spring floods and summer droughts - 动词(V):
have not been - 表语(C):
eliminated from this area.
- 主语(S):
Spring floods and summer droughts may never be eliminated from this area.- 主语(S):
Spring floods and summer droughts - 动词(V):
may never be - 表语(C):
eliminated from this area.
- 主语(S):
在这两个单句中间加上并列连词 and,可以制造出并列句如下:
After years of hard work, spring floods and summer droughts have not been eliminated from this area, and spring floods and summer droughts may never be eliminated from this area.
spring floods and summer droughts1
have not beenbe
eliminated3C
from this area(4)
and spring floods and summer droughts may never be eliminated from this area.并列分句
在这个并列句中,两个并列分句的主语(spring floods and summer droughts)相同,可以省略其一。动词部分不同,一个是 have not been,另一个是 may never be,所以不能省略。表语部分(eliminated from this area)又相同,也可以省略一个。
至于该省略哪一个,判断的原则是:句首句尾不能省,只能省略中间重复的元素。最后正确的句子如下:
After years of hard work, spring floods and summer droughts have not been and may never be eliminated from this area.
努力多年之后,这个地区春天淹水和夏天干旱的问题仍未消除,也可能永远消除不了。
spring floods and summer droughts1
have not beenbe
and may never bebe
eliminated3C
from this area.(4)
After years of hard work(4)
所以,前面那个句子的错误在于它把助动词当中不一样的部分 been 也省略掉了,必须放回去才对。
最后,我们来做一个小归纳: ❶ 并列分句前后因为要求平行对称,往往会有重复的部分,这时可以择一省略。 ❷ 省略的原则是:句首句尾分别代表开始与结束,不宜省略。中间的重复元素只要语意够清楚就可以省略掉。